Patient Education
We invite you to explore our comprehensive list of resources and educational materials designed to help educate you about your orthopedic or spine condition or treatment. Choose a topic below to learn more.
If you have any questions or concerns regarding your condition or treatment, please feel free to contact The Center for Bone and Joint Surgery of the Palm Beaches at (561) 798-6600. To request an appointment, use our secure online appointment request form.
This information is intended for educational and informational purposes only. It should not be used in place of an individual consultation, examination, or the medical advice of your doctor. This information should not be relied upon to determine a diagnosis or course of treatment.
Orthopedics A-Z
Find Educational Topics
OR use our A-Z listing of topics below:
Did You Know?
Joint replacements of the knee or hip are among the most commonly performed orthopedic surgeries in the U.S. – as are spinal fusions, which can offer a new lease on life for those suffering from serious spine conditions.
A Guide To Arthroscopy
Arthroscopic surgery, also known as arthroscopy, is a minimally invasive procedure that allows surgeons to visualize, diagnose, and treat joint problems using small incisions and a tiny camera or scope. Before this technique, surgeons had to make large incisions to open the joint, which affected surrounding tissues and carried a higher risk of infection with ... Read moreAchilles Tendon Tear & Repair
The Achilles tendon is the strongest in the human body, connecting muscles to bones. Located at the back of the lower leg, it works alongside the calf muscles to facilitate powerful foot movements. Achilles tendon ruptures frequently occur during sports activities like basketball, football, or tennis, but can also be caused by a condition known ... Read moreACL Tear & Reconstruction – Knee Ligament Injury
The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is one of the most frequently injured ligaments in the knee. Ligaments are strong, non-elastic fibers that connect bones. The ACL, which runs inside the knee, connects the thighbone (femur) to the shinbone (tibia), providing stability to the knee joint. ACL tears often happen to athletes or active individuals. The ... Read moreIntroduction | Anatomy | Causes | Symptoms | Diagnosis | Treatment | Surgery | Recovery | PreventionAnkle Replacement
Total ankle replacement, also known as ankle arthroplasty, is a surgical procedure designed to enhance ankle function and alleviate severe pain caused by conditions like arthritis. With the growing availability of FDA-approved ankle implants, this procedure has become a popular alternative to ankle fusion. Ideal candidates for ankle replacement surgery are individuals suffering from significant ... Read moreAnkle Sprain & Instability
Ankle sprains are a common injury that can affect anyone. The ankle bears the weight of our entire body, making it prone to instability. A sudden misstep on uneven surfaces or wearing inappropriate footwear can cause a loss of balance, leading to an ankle twist. If the twist is severe, the ligaments holding the ankle ... Read moreIntroduction | Anatomy | Causes | Symptoms | Diagnosis | Treatment | Surgery | Recovery | PreventionAnterior Hip Replacement
When hip replacement surgery is necessary due to damage or disease, some orthopedic surgeons are specially trained to perform anterior hip arthroplasty, also known as the direct anterior approach. This minimally invasive procedure spares the surrounding muscles that support the joint, resulting in less scarring, reduced pain, and quicker recovery times. Patients typically begin rehabilitation ... Read moreIntroduction | Anatomy | Causes | Symptoms | Diagnosis | Treatment | Surgery | Recovery | PreventionAquatic Therapy
Orthopedic conditions, medical issues, and neurological disorders can limit your ability to bear weight on your legs, tolerate the impact of land-based exercises, or move effectively against gravity. Aquatic therapy offers a rehabilitation option that allows individuals to exercise in a water-based environment. The water provides natural support, buoyancy, and gentle resistance, making it ideal ... Read moreArthritis
Arthritis is a widespread condition that leads to joint pain, stiffness, immobility, and swelling. It is an umbrella term for more than 100 diseases that affect the muscles and skeletal system, particularly the joints. Arthritis impacts the cartilage within joints, which is a tough, shock-absorbing material that covers the ends of bones. This cartilage provides ... Read moreIntroduction | Anatomy | Causes | Symptoms | Diagnosis | Treatment | Surgery | Recovery | PreventionArtificial Cervical Disc Replacement
Degenerative disc disease is a prevalent cause of neck pain, characterized by the deterioration or breakdown of the spinal discs. For individuals suffering from degenerative cervical disc disease, artificial cervical disc replacement can serve as an alternative to anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF). Unlike spinal fusion, this procedure promotes more natural spinal motion, restores ... Read moreArtificial Lumbar Disc Replacement
Degenerative disc disease is a prevalent cause of chronic low back pain, resulting from the deterioration or breakdown of the spinal discs. An alternative to spinal fusion surgery for individuals with degenerative lumbar disc disease is artificial lumbar disc replacement. Unlike spinal fusion, this procedure preserves natural spinal motion, restores disc height, and maintains normal ... Read moreBennett’s Fracture: Fracture of the Base of the Thumb
A Bennett’s fracture is a break at the base of the thumb that often comes with dislocation. This injury typically occurs from a strong impact, such as during fistfights, playing football, accidents, or falls. Symptoms of Bennett’s fracture include swelling, pain, and limited movement of the thumb. Treatment involves realigning the fractured bone and stabilizing ... Read moreBite Injuries – Animal Bites
Animal bite injuries can lead to skin wounds and structural damage to the hand, raising concerns about infection and, in rare cases, rabies. Pets are the most frequent sources of such injuries, but bites from wild animals also occur. Prompt and thorough cleaning of animal bite wounds is essential, as hand surgery may be required ... Read moreIntroduction | Anatomy | Causes | Symptoms | Diagnosis | Treatment | Surgery | Recovery | PreventionBOTOX for Pain Management
BOTOX® is not just effective for reducing wrinkles; it also has a variety of medical applications. It is commonly used to treat painful muscle spasms and contractions in the neck (cervical dystonia), as well as tension headaches, migraine headaches, back pain, and myofascial pain. By blocking the nerve signals that cause muscle hyperactivity, BOTOX injections ... Read moreBoutonniere Deformity – Finger Deformity
A boutonniere deformity happens when the tendon responsible for straightening the middle joint of the finger becomes injured, weakened, or overstretched. This injury causes the middle joint to bend (flex) while the end joint extends and pulls back (hyperextends), giving the finger a crooked appearance. This deformity can lead to pain and reduced function. Treatment ... Read moreBoxer’s Fracture – Knuckle Fracture of the Pinky
A Boxer’s fracture happens when the bone at the knuckle of the little finger breaks, typically caused by a forceful impact during fistfighting or hitting a hard object like a wall. This injury leads to swelling, pain, and stiffness. Treatment may involve realigning the bone and stabilizing it while it heals The knuckle of the ... Read moreIntroduction | Anatomy | Causes | Symptoms | Diagnosis | Treatment | Surgery | Recovery | PreventionBunion
Bunions are a common foot deformity, particularly in women. They often develop due to wearing shoes that are too small or have high heels. The abnormal pressure from poorly fitting shoes can cause the bones in the big toe and foot to shift out of their normal position, resulting in a painful bump on the ... Read moreIntroduction | Anatomy | Causes | Symptoms | Diagnosis | Treatment | Surgery | Recovery | PreventionBunionette
A bunionette is a bump that forms near the base of the little toe on the foot. While they are less common than bunions, which occur at the base of the big toe, individuals with bunionettes often have bunions as well. Bunionettes are sometimes referred to as tailor bunions, a name derived from the historical ... Read moreIntroduction | Anatomy | Causes | Symptoms | Diagnosis | Treatment | Surgery | Recovery | PreventionCarpal Instability – Wrist Ligament Injury
Carpal instability refers to the misalignment of the small bones in the wrist, which disrupts normal joint function. This condition can occur when the ligaments that stabilize the bones are torn, or when fractures or arthritis affect the bones. As a result, individuals may experience chronic pain and diminished wrist function. Fortunately, both nonsurgical and ... Read moreCarpal Tunnel Syndrome – Endoscopic Release Surgery
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) is a prevalent condition that impacts the wrist and hand. It occurs when the median nerve in the wrist becomes compressed. Nerves transmit signals between the brain, spinal cord, and various body parts. The median nerve is responsible for conveying sensory and motor signals. When this nerve is compressed or trapped, ... Read moreIntroduction | Anatomy | Causes | Symptoms | Diagnosis | Treatment | Surgery | Recovery | PreventionCarpal Tunnel Syndrome – Open Release Surgery
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome is a prevalent condition affecting the hand and wrist, resulting from the compression of the Median Nerve in the wrist. This nerve is responsible for transmitting signals between the brain, spinal cord, and various body parts. It plays a critical role in sensation and muscle movement. When the Median Nerve is compressed ... Read moreIntroduction | Anatomy | Causes | Symptoms | Diagnosis | Treatment | Surgery | Recovery | PreventionCarpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS)
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome is a prevalent condition affecting the hand and wrist, caused by compression of the Median Nerve within the wrist. Nerves serve as conduits for signals between our brain, spinal cord, and various body parts, with the Median Nerve specifically responsible for transmitting sensations and muscle movements. When this nerve is compressed or ... Read moreIntroduction | Anatomy | Causes | Symptoms | Diagnosis | Treatment | Surgery | Recovery | PreventionCartilage Tears
Articular cartilage is a tissue that coats the ends of many bones in your body. It acts as a cushion during movement and creates a smooth surface for bones in a joint to slide over each other. In contrast, the meniscal cartilages in the knee serve different roles, functioning primarily as stabilizers and shock absorbers. ... Read moreCervical Degenerative Disc Disease – Spinal Cord and Nerve Compression
Cervical degenerative disc disease is a condition where the spinal cord and nerves in the neck are compressed due to the breakdown of the intervertebral discs. These discs are located between the vertebrae, the small bones that form the spine, and function as shock absorbers. With age, these discs can lose fluid, collapse, and even ... Read moreIntroduction | Anatomy | Causes | Symptoms | Diagnosis | Treatment | Prevention | Risk Factors | Complications | AdvancementsCervical Facet Radiofrequency Neurotomy – Neck
Cervical facet radiofrequency neurotomy, also known as facet rhizotomy, is a medical procedure designed to alleviate nerve pain in the neck and shoulders. This technique is particularly beneficial for patients who find temporary relief from pain through local anesthetic injections targeting the nerves that supply the cervical facet joints. By "turning off" the specific nerve ... Read moreCervical Radiculopathy – Cervical Nerve Compression
Cervical radiculopathy occurs when a nerve in the neck is compressed or irritated as it exits the spine. The nerves branching from the spinal cord travel throughout the body, and while the issue originates in the cervical region, the resulting symptoms can manifest in areas where these nerves extend. Common conditions like herniated discs or ... Read moreCervical Selective Nerve Root Block – Neck
A cervical selective nerve root block is a diagnostic procedure used to identify and, in some instances, treat nerve pain in the neck. Various conditions can affect the nerves in this region, leading to pain that may radiate to the shoulders and arms. This procedure involves injecting medication directly around a suspected nerve, helping to ... Read moreCervical Spondylitic Myelopathy – Spinal Cord Compression
Cervical spondylitic myelopathy is a condition that impacts the spinal cord in the neck and is recognized as the most prevalent spinal cord disorder in the United States. This condition primarily occurs in adults due to age-related degenerative changes in the cervical vertebrae, which lead to pressure on the spinal cord. The vertebrae are the ... Read moreIntroduction | Anatomy | Causes | Symptoms | Diagnosis | Treatment | Prevention | Complications | AdvancementsClavicle Fracture – Broken Collar Bone
Clavicle fractures are among the most prevalent orthopedic injuries, particularly in infants and young children. The clavicle, commonly known as the collarbone, is a long bone situated at the top of the chest. These fractures typically occur due to trauma. Fortunately, most clavicle fractures heal without the need for surgical intervention. In cases where surgery ... Read moreClaw Toe
Claw toe commonly affects older women and involves the upward bending of the toe joint at the base, while the other joints bend downward, resembling a claw. This condition can be linked to underlying health issues or ill-fitting footwear. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial, as untreated claw toe tends to worsen over time, potentially ... Read moreIntroduction | Anatomy | Causes | Symptoms | Diagnosis | Treatment | Surgery | Recovery | PreventionCoccydynia – Tailbone Pain
Coccydynia refers to pain originating from the coccyx, or tailbone, located at the base of the spine. While it’s not very common, coccydynia is usually the result of trauma or falls. Fortunately, most cases can be managed effectively with nonsurgical treatments such as medication and physical therapy. The spine consists of numerous bones called vertebrae, ... Read moreCold Therapy
Cold therapy is a non-invasive, drug-free treatment method commonly used to reduce pain and swelling. It is typically applied right after an injury to help manage symptoms. There are various forms of cold therapy, such as ice massage, commercial cold packs, or ice packs. Your healthcare provider or physical therapist may recommend using cold therapy ... Read moreComplex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) – Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy (RSD)
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS), formerly known as Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy (RSD) or shoulder-hand syndrome, is a chronic pain disorder that often affects an arm or leg. It is characterized by severe burning pain and, if untreated, can lead to the deterioration of the affected limb. Though the exact cause is unknown, CRPS often develops ... Read moreIntroduction | Anatomy | Causes | Symptoms | Diagnosis | Treatment | Surgery | Recovery | PreventionConcussion (TBI)
A concussion is a type of traumatic brain injury (TBI) caused by a direct blow to the head or forceful shaking of the body. This injury can lead to temporary cognitive and physical issues, including confusion and headaches. Not all concussions result in a loss of consciousness, which is why many go undiagnosed. If left ... Read moreCongenital Hand Differences
Congenital hand differences are birth defects that develop while a baby is still in the womb. These abnormalities occur as the upper limb forms, often due to genetic, environmental, or unknown factors. The severity of these differences can vary, ranging from minor to significant conditions. Babies born with hand differences should be assessed by a ... Read moreIntroduction | Anatomy | Causes | Symptoms | Diagnosis | Treatment | Surgery | Recovery | PreventionCostovertebral Block
The ribs are connected to the spine through costovertebral joints located in the upper back. Pain in this area can result from a variety of conditions. A costovertebral block is a medical procedure used to both diagnose and treat this pain and inflammation. The block involves the use of a local anesthetic and an anti-inflammatory ... Read moreCubital Tunnel Syndrome – Ulnar Nerve Transposition (Elbow)
Cubital Tunnel Syndrome occurs when the ulnar nerve is compressed at the elbow, affecting its ability to send signals between the brain and the body. As the second most common nerve entrapment condition after Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, it impacts hand function. The ulnar nerve controls sensation in part of the ring finger and the little ... Read moreDegenerative Disc Disease – Spine Degeneration
Degenerative Disc Disease (DDD) is a condition characterized by the deterioration or breakdown of the intervertebral discs in the spine. These discs serve as shock-absorbing cushions between the vertebrae, which are the bones that form the spine. DDD can affect any segment of the spine but is most commonly seen in the lower back. As ... Read moreIntroduction | Anatomy | Causes | Symptoms | Diagnosis | Treatment | Surgery | Recovery | PreventiondeQuervain’s Tendonitis – Wrist Tendonitis
De Quervain’s Tendonitis is a condition characterized by inflammation of the tendons on the thumb side of the wrist. Tendons are the connective tissues that attach muscles to bones, and they can become swollen and painful due to overuse. Historically, this condition was known as “Washer Woman’s Syndrome” because the repetitive motions involved in wringing ... Read moreDiabetic Foot
Foot problems are a prevalent complication of diabetes, a condition that disrupts the body’s ability to utilize glucose, the primary fuel source. Insulin, a crucial hormone, typically aids glucose in entering cells for energy. In individuals with diabetes, insufficient insulin production or ineffective insulin function prevents glucose from reaching body cells, leading to elevated blood ... Read moreDiscography
Discography is a diagnostic procedure designed to identify the specific source of back or neck pain. Discs, the cushioning structures between the vertebrae of the spine, serve as shock absorbers, protecting the bones from impact. However, aging or trauma can lead to the deterioration of these discs, resulting in pain. Various treatment methods exist for ... Read moreDupuytren’s Disease
Dupuytren’s disease is a condition that leads to the abnormal thickening of the tissue beneath the skin of the palm. As this tissue thickens, it may form firm lumps or tight cords, causing the fingers to bend toward the palm. Over time, the disease can progress and result in contractures, leading to significant loss of ... Read moreElectromyography (EMG) – Nerve Test
Electromyography (EMG) is an electrodiagnostic test that evaluates the electrical activity of muscles during contraction and rest. Nerves communicate with the brain by sending nerve impulses, and healthy muscle function depends on this nerve input. EMGs are used by doctors to assess how muscles function in relation to nerve signals. This test is crucial for ... Read moreElectrotherapy – Pain Management
Electrotherapy is a treatment method used to alleviate both acute and chronic pain. It is particularly beneficial in the early stages following an injury. This technique works by stimulating nerve fibers with low levels of electrical currents, which can either promote the release of the body’s natural pain-relieving chemicals, known as endorphins, or block pain ... Read moreEpidural Injections – Low Back (Lumbar)
Epidural injections are a minimally invasive, non-surgical treatment option for addressing lower back (lumbar) pain and radiating pain into the legs. This procedure involves injecting pain-relieving medications directly into or near the source of the pain in the spine, typically in an outpatient setting. Epidural injections can be highly effective for certain individuals and may ... Read moreEpidural Injections – Neck (Cervical Transforaminal Steroid Injection)
Cervical transforaminal epidural steroid injections are a non-surgical treatment option designed to alleviate pain in the neck, shoulders, and upper extremities. The cervical spine is particularly vulnerable to injury and degeneration, which can result in pinched nerves that cause pain in the neck and radiating down into the shoulders and arms. These injections deliver medication ... Read moreEpidural Injections – Upper Back (Thoracic)
Thoracic epidural injections offer a non-surgical treatment option for upper back (thoracic) pain. By delivering pain-relieving medications directly to the source of discomfort, these injections can provide significant relief. The procedure is quick, outpatient, and may be repeated over time if necessary. For some individuals, alleviating pain with epidural injections may facilitate participation in physical ... Read moreExercise Therapy – Pain Management
Exercise therapy is designed to enhance the body’s overall function, promoting efficiency in movement and preventing injury, pain, or deterioration. This type of therapy helps improve flexibility, strength, endurance, and posture by focusing on specific muscle groups or the body as a whole. Integrating exercise with other therapeutic modalities can increase the effectiveness of treatment. ... Read moreExtensor Tendon Injuries (Hand)
An extensor tendon injury happens when the tendon is torn, cut, or detached. Extensor tendons are located at the back of your fingers and thumbs, allowing them to straighten and perform precise movements. These injuries can result from trauma, burns, or arthritis, leading to pain, swelling, and loss of movement. Treatment options include splinting, hand ... Read moreFacet Injections – Pain Management
Facet injections are minimally invasive, non-surgical procedures designed to alleviate pain and inflammation in the spine’s facet joints. These joints are situated on the upper and lower parts of each vertebra, linking the vertebrae together to form the spine and facilitating movement in the back. Facet injections specifically target pain originating from these joints and ... Read moreFacet Joint Syndrome – Pain Management
Facet joints connect the vertebrae that form the spinal column, allowing smooth movement and flexibility. However, factors like aging, injury, arthritis, or specific spine conditions can hinder joint movement, leading to discomfort and limited mobility. These symptoms are collectively known as facet joint syndrome. For many, relief from facet joint syndrome comes from medications and ... Read moreFacet Joint Syndrome – Pain Management
Facet joints connect the vertebrae that form the spinal column, allowing smooth movement and flexibility. However, factors like aging, injury, arthritis, or specific spine conditions can hinder joint movement, leading to discomfort and limited mobility. These symptoms are collectively known as facet joint syndrome. For many, relief from facet joint syndrome comes from medications and ... Read moreFemur Fracture – Broken Thigh Bone
The femur, located in the thigh, is the body's strongest bone. Though difficult to fracture, a high-impact event like a vehicle accident or a significant fall can cause a break. The treatment approach depends on where and how the bone is fractured, as well as the patient’s age. The femur, or thigh bone, has ... Read moreFibromyalgia
Fibromyalgia is a long-lasting condition characterized by widespread muscle pain and tenderness across the body. Though its exact cause is still unclear, research points to a range of factors that may play a role. Alongside lifestyle modifications and physical therapy, recent FDA-approved medications have shown promise in reducing fibromyalgia symptoms for some patients. Fibromyalgia is ... Read moreFlexor Tendon Injuries (Hand)
A flexor tendon injury involves a tear or rupture of the tendons on the palm side of the fingers and thumbs, which enable bending and grasping motions. These tendons connect finger joints to forearm muscles and are essential for coordinated hand movements. Injuries typically result from cuts, trauma, or conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, causing pain, ... Read moreFluoroscopy
Fluoroscopy is a type of real-time X-ray imaging that allows doctors to visualize internal structures as they function. This technique is particularly effective for diagnosing disorders of the upper and lower digestive tracts, such as during barium swallow or barium enema procedures, as well as for joint issues through arthrography. Fluoroscopy is commonly utilized in ... Read moreFractures
Bones represent the toughest tissues in your body, capable of withstanding significant pressure. However, excessive force can lead to fractures, which are breaks in the bone. Fractures can happen due to various factors, with the most prevalent being injuries, chronic stress from overuse, and conditions that weaken bones, such as osteoporosis or tumors. Fractures vary ... Read moreIntroduction | Anatomy | Causes | Symptoms | Diagnosis | Treatment | Surgery | Recovery | PreventionGanglion Cysts – Foot
Ganglion cysts are prevalent formations that can occur on the top or bottom of the foot. Although these cysts are benign and non-cancerous, they may lead to discomfort. When ganglion cysts become painful or hinder walking, initial treatment typically involves non-surgical methods. If these methods are ineffective, surgical removal may be necessary. The foot comprises ... Read moreGanglion Cysts – Wrist/Hand Lumps and Bumps
Ganglion cysts are benign, non-cancerous lumps commonly forming on the back of the hand or wrist. While generally harmless, these cysts can cause discomfort for some people. Historically referred to as “Bible Cysts” due to the outdated practice of hitting them with a large book for treatment, today, there are modern medical approaches available for ... Read moreGolfer’s Elbow – Medial Epicondylitis
Golfer's Elbow, medically known as medial epicondylitis, is a repetitive strain injury that affects the tendons connecting to the inner elbow. This condition arises when these tendons undergo degeneration, often due to repetitive motions, such as those encountered during a golf swing or various work activities. Pain typically manifests where the tendons attach to the ... Read moreGout
Gout is a type of arthritis that results in sudden and severe joint pain, most commonly affecting the big toe, but it can also impact other joints. The condition arises from the accumulation of uric acid, which is produced naturally by the body and can also be found in certain foods. Gout typically manifests in ... Read moreIntroduction | Anatomy | Causes | Symptoms | Diagnosis | Treatment | Prevention | Am I at Risk? | ComplicationsHallux Rigidus (Stiff Big Toe)
Your big toes play a crucial role in maintaining balance and support during activities like walking, standing, squatting, and climbing stairs. Individuals suffering from degenerative arthritis may experience a condition known as hallux rigidus, characterized by a "stiff big toe." This condition arises when the joint at the base of the big toe deteriorates, making ... Read moreIntroduction | Anatomy | Causes | Symptoms | Diagnosis | Treatment | Surgery | Recovery | PreventionHammer Toe
Hammertoe primarily impacts the second toe, causing the middle joint to bend abnormally. This condition often arises from structural issues in the toe or from wearing ill-fitting footwear. Early diagnosis and treatment of hammertoe are crucial, as the condition can worsen over time. If neglected, surgical intervention may become necessary. Toes are essential components of ... Read moreHamstring Muscle Injuries
Hamstring muscle injuries often manifest as sudden pain in the back of the thigh. These injuries are particularly common among athletes and dancers. Hamstring muscles can experience strains or tears, but the majority do not require surgical intervention. Following a hamstring strain or surgery, physical rehabilitation typically facilitates a full recovery. The hamstring muscles are ... Read moreIntroduction | Anatomy | Causes | Am I at Risk? | Symptoms | Diagnosis | Treatment | Surgery | RecoveryHand Dislocations
Hand dislocations occur when an external force causes the bones in the fingers or wrist to shift out of their natural alignment. These injuries often happen during sports, falls, work-related accidents, or car crashes. Common symptoms include severe pain, deformity, restricted movement, and potential loss of sensation. In some cases, the bones may realign on ... Read moreHand Nerve Injury and Repair
Hand nerve injuries can occur due to cuts, pressure, stretching, or crushing. When a nerve is damaged, it loses the ability to send signals, potentially causing sensory and motor issues like numbness or weakness. While some nerve injuries may heal naturally, more severe cases often require surgical intervention. Nerves serve as communication pathways between the ... Read moreHand Therapy
Hand therapy is a focused area of rehabilitation aimed at restoring hand and arm function. Your physician may recommend treatment with a specially trained occupational or physical therapist, or a Certified Hand Therapist (CHT). This certification is held by therapists who have pursued advanced training and rigorous testing in hand rehabilitation. Hand therapists assist individuals ... Read moreHeat Therapy
Heat therapy is an effective treatment often recommended to relieve pain and alleviate muscle stiffness, particularly in cases of chronic discomfort. There are various ways to apply heat therapy, including commercially available heat packs, heating pads, and options for both dry and moist heat. Often, doctors recommend combining heat therapy with other approaches, such as ... Read moreHeel Pain
The heels endure immense pressure daily as we stand, walk, and go about our routines, making heel pain a widespread issue. This discomfort can result from various factors, such as unsuitable footwear, tendon strain, or structural issues. Fortunately, many cases of heel pain respond well to non-surgical treatments. Consulting a doctor at the onset of ... Read moreHeel Spurs
Heel spurs are bony growths that form under or at the back of the heel. Rather than the spur itself, it is typically the surrounding inflammation that causes pain. Fortunately, most people find relief through non-surgical treatment methods. The heel bone, known as the calcaneus, is essential in distributing body weight while standing or walking. ... Read moreIntroduction | Anatomy | Causes | Symptoms | Diagnosis | Treatment | Surgery | Recovery | PreventionHerniated Disc – Pain Management
A herniated disc, often referred to as a "ruptured" disc, is a frequent cause of neck and lower back discomfort. These discs serve as cushioning pads situated between the vertebrae that form the spine. A herniated disc occurs when the outer layer of the disc tears, allowing its gel-like core to protrude. This can irritate ... Read moreHerniated Disc Cervical/ACDF – Slipped Disc in the Neck
A herniated disc, often referred to as a "ruptured" disc, is a prevalent cause of pain in the neck and arms. Discs are the shock-absorbing structures located between the vertebrae, the small bones forming your spine. The cervical spine, situated in the neck, consists of these discs and joints that facilitate neck movement while providing ... Read moreIntroduction | Anatomy | Causes | Symptoms | Diagnosis | Treatment | Surgical | Recovery | PreventiveHindfoot Fracture (Heel/Ankle Joint)
Fracturing the bones in the hindfoot requires significant force. A fracture, defined as a broken bone, often occurs due to incidents such as car accidents or falls from a height. Hindfoot fractures can affect the heel or the bone situated atop the heel. The healing process for these fractures is prolonged, whether surgical intervention is ... Read moreIntroduction | Anatomy | Causes | Symptoms | Diagnosis | Treatment | Surgery | Recovery | PreventionHip Fracture – ORIF
Hip fractures are often the result of falls, with the likelihood increasing as individuals age. Those over 85 are particularly vulnerable due to changes in bone density and overall health. The medical complications stemming from hip fractures can be severe, so it is crucial to seek medical attention immediately if you suspect a hip fracture. ... Read moreIntroduction | Anatomy | Causes | Symptoms | Diagnosis | Treatment | Surgery | Recovery | PreventionHip Resurfacing
Hip resurfacing is a surgical procedure designed to alleviate pain and restore mobility in individuals suffering from arthritis or other hip-related conditions. Unlike conventional total hip replacements, which involve removing the bones in the joint, hip resurfacing preserves the bone by replacing its surface with smooth metal. This technique conserves bone and is generally considered ... Read moreIntroduction | Anatomy | Causes | Symptoms | Diagnosis | Treatment | Surgery | Recovery | PreventionHumerus Fracture – Broken Upper Arm
Humerus fractures are prevalent injuries affecting the upper arm's long bone, known as the humerus. These fractures often occur due to falls or vehicle accidents. Depending on the fracture's location and severity, some may heal without surgical intervention, while more unstable fractures may require surgical realignment and stabilization using specialized hardware. Physical rehabilitation is essential ... Read moreInterscalene Brachial Plexus Block
An interscalene brachial plexus block is a medical procedure where medication is injected to numb the shoulder and upper arm before surgical interventions or the repositioning of a dislocated shoulder. This technique targets the nerves in the shoulder and arm, making it effective for surgeries in those areas. While primarily used for shoulder and upper ... Read moreKienbock’s Disease (Wrist)
Kienbock’s disease is a progressive disorder affecting the lunate bone in the wrist. This condition arises from a disruption in the blood supply to the lunate, leading to its decay and eventual death. As a result, the wrist's structure and function can be severely impacted. Treatment options include immobilization, anti-inflammatory medications, pain relief, and surgery. ... Read moreKnee Arthroscopy
The knee, being the largest joint in the body, is particularly susceptible to injuries. It can be affected by various factors such as sports, occupational hazards, diseases, aging, and general wear and tear. Arthroscopic knee surgery, or arthroscopy, is a highly effective method for diagnosing and treating knee-related issues. Arthroscopy enables surgeons to visualize and ... Read moreKnee Tendon Bursitis – “Goosefoot”
Knee tendon bursitis, commonly found at the inner (medial) knee, is an inflammatory condition caused by factors such as trauma, overuse, and degenerative joint disease. It predominantly affects athletes, middle-aged women with obesity, and older adults suffering from arthritis. Fortunately, surgery is seldom required. Most individuals find relief through conservative treatments, including rest, physical therapy, ... Read moreLaminaplasty- Cervical Spine – Pain Management
The cervical spine consists of a series of small vertebrae in the neck that encase the spinal cord within their openings. This spinal cord is crucial for transmitting signals between the brain and the body. Certain degenerative conditions can cause the spaces in the spine to narrow, leading to pressure on the spinal cord and ... Read moreLisfranc Fracture Dislocation (Midfoot)
A Lisfranc fracture affects the midfoot bones. This type of injury often results from a heavy object falling on the foot or from twisting motions during sports or car accidents. If you suspect you have a Lisfranc fracture, seek medical attention immediately for effective treatment. While some fractures can heal through casting and physical therapy, ... Read moreIntroduction | Anatomy | Causes | Symptoms | Diagnosis | Treatment | Surgery | Recovery | PreventionLow Back Pain
The vertebrae in your lower back are among the largest in your spine, forming the lumbar region. These bones support your upper body weight and endure significant forces generated by lower back muscles. These muscles, attached to the lumbar vertebrae, play a crucial role during activities like lifting, bending, and twisting. Low back pain is ... Read moreIntroduction | Anatomy | Causes | Symptoms | Diagnosis | Treatment | Surgery | Recovery | PreventionLumbar Discectomy
The spine is divided into several regions, characterized by distinct vertebral curvature and specific functions. The vertebrae, which are the bones forming the spine, play a crucial role in supporting the body. The lumbar spine, located in the lower back, bears the weight of the upper body and enables movements such as bending forward (flexion) ... Read moreIntroduction | Anatomy | Causes | Symptoms | Diagnosis | Treatment | Surgery | Recovery | PreventionLumbar Radiofrequency Neurotomy – Pain Management
Lumbar radiofrequency neurotomy, also known as facet rhizotomy, is a procedure designed to alleviate nerve pain stemming from the spine's lower back joints. It is particularly beneficial for individuals who have found relief through nerve blocks in the past. This treatment effectively "turns off" the specific nerve responsible for transmitting pain signals, providing relief that ... Read moreMagnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a diagnostic imaging technique that generates highly detailed images of the body's internal structures. This non-invasive procedure allows healthcare professionals to identify abnormalities and diagnose various medical conditions, including blood clots, tumors, and orthopedic injuries. The MRI machine employs a powerful magnetic field and radio waves to transmit signals to ... Read moreMallet Finger Injury – Baseball Finger
A mallet finger injury occurs when the fingertip or thumb is subjected to a forceful downward bend, damaging the tendon responsible for straightening the fingertip joint. This type of injury is commonly known as a "baseball finger" due to its frequent occurrence in baseball. In a mallet finger injury, individuals may experience pain, swelling, and ... Read moreIntroduction | Anatomy | Causes | Symptoms | Diagnosis | Treatment | Surgery | Recovery | PreventionMallet Toe
Mallet toe primarily affects the longest toe, though any toe can be involved. This condition causes the joint nearest the toe tip to bend downwards. Structural issues or poorly fitting shoes often lead to mallet toe. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial, as the condition can worsen over time, leading to rigidity in the joints. ... Read moreIntroduction | Anatomy | Causes | Symptoms | Diagnosis | Treatment | Surgery | Recovery | PreventionMassage Therapy
Maintaining good circulation is essential for overall health and wellness. Therapeutic massage plays a vital role in enhancing circulation, helping to eliminate waste products in the lymphatic system that can lead to discomfort. This form of therapy can alleviate pain and stiffness, while also promoting flexibility, range of motion, and tissue elasticity. Beyond its physical ... Read moreMeniscus Tear – Knee Cartilage
Menisci are vital cartilage structures in the knee that cushion the bones and facilitate smooth movement. These structures are particularly susceptible to injury during twisting motions common in sports. While some tears may heal naturally, many require surgical intervention. Arthroscopic surgery is the standard treatment for meniscus tears, offering a quicker recovery with fewer complications ... Read moreIntroduction | Anatomy | Causes | Symptoms | Diagnosis | Treatment | Surgical | Recovery | PreventionMetatarsal Fracture (Forefoot)
The forefoot acts as a springboard and cushion during each step. The metatarsal bones in the forefoot bear and transfer body weight, aiding in balance. Activities such as jumping, twisting, dancing, and running increase the forces exerted on these bones, making them susceptible to fractures due to trauma or overuse. Fortunately, most metatarsal fractures can ... Read moreMinimally Invasive Hip Replacement – Arthroplasty
The hip is one of the most commonly replaced joints in the body. The primary reason for undergoing hip replacement surgery is osteoarthritis, a prevalent form of arthritis. Other conditions, including trauma and other degenerative diseases, can also necessitate this procedure. Arthritis is a condition characterized by joint pain, stiffness, and swelling, which can affect ... Read moreMinimally Invasive Knee Replacement – Arthroplasty
Knee replacement surgery is the most prevalent type of joint replacement procedure. The knee joint is particularly vulnerable to injury, and various factors such as trauma, aging, wear and tear, and arthritis can lead to knee issues. Arthritis is a condition that results in joint discomfort, stiffness, and swelling, significantly affecting the cartilage within the ... Read moreMinimally Invasive Lateral Access Spine Surgery
Traditionally, spinal fusion surgery involved extensive incisions, muscle detachment, and prolonged recovery times. However, advancements in surgical instruments and techniques have greatly enhanced the experience for patients needing spine surgery. Minimally invasive lateral access spine surgery, also known as the lateral transpsoas approach, employs small incisions and a muscle-sparing technique, leading to hospital stays of ... Read moreMinimally Invasive Posterior Fusion Spine Surgery
Minimally invasive spinal fusion surgery is a procedure designed to connect two bones in the spine to alleviate back pain and address spinal instability. Traditional fusion techniques often required extensive incisions, disruption of surrounding muscles, and prolonged hospital stays. However, advancements in surgical methods have introduced minimally invasive posterior fusion, which employs smaller incisions and ... Read moreMorton’s Neuroma (Foot)
Morton’s Neuroma is a painful condition affecting the foot, characterized by the compression and inflammation of a nerve near the toes. Early diagnosis often allows for non-surgical treatment options, though surgical intervention, when necessary, typically yields a high success rate. In medical terminology, the toes are referred to as digits and are numbered from one ... Read moreIntroduction | Anatomy | Causes | Symptoms | Diagnosis | Treatment | Surgery | Recovery | PreventionMyofascial Release
Myofascial release is a therapeutic approach designed to alleviate pain and promote relaxation in muscles and surrounding tissues. The term "myo" refers to muscles, while "fascial" pertains to the resilient tissue enveloping them. When muscles sustain injuries or strains, both the muscle fibers and fascia tend to tighten, leading to discomfort. This technique, employed by ... Read moreNeck Pain
The neck, a delicate segment of the spine, is prone to various injuries. Common causes of neck pain include damage to muscles, ligaments, nerves, and spinal structures. Poor posture and age-related wear and tear can exacerbate these issues. Degenerative conditions like arthritis can lead to the deterioration of spinal components, exerting pressure on the spinal ... Read moreIntroduction | Anatomy | Causes | Symptoms | Diagnosis | Treatment | Surgery | Recovery | PreventionNerve Conduction Velocity (NCV) Test
A Nerve Conduction Velocity (NCV) Test is a specialized electrodiagnostic procedure that assesses the functionality of nerves and identifies the location of any nerve compression. Nerves are responsible for transmitting signals between the brain and the rest of the body. Various factors, including inflammation, injuries, and medical conditions, can exert pressure on nerves, hindering their ... Read moreNeuromuscular Re-education
Neuromuscular re-education is a rehabilitation technique employed by therapists to help patients regain normal movement patterns. The coordination between nerves and muscles is essential for producing movement. Nerves relay signals between the brain and muscles, dictating when, where, and how quickly to move, making this a highly intricate process. It is believed that, over time, ... Read moreNeuropathy – Nerve Pain
Neuropathy, also known as neuralgia or neuritis, refers to nerve-related pain resulting from various factors like nerve degeneration, pressure, inflammation, or infection. Common causes include conditions such as carpal tunnel syndrome, pinched nerves, spinal stenosis, and disc pressure. Managing nerve pain is highly personalized, with lifestyle modifications—such as weight loss, regular exercise, and quitting smoking—often ... Read moreOccupational Therapy: An Overview
Injuries, illnesses, or traumatic experiences can significantly impact how your body operates and how you perceive the world around you. A single issue or a combination of factors may alter your thoughts, actions, emotions, vision, and physical mobility. As a result, you may find yourself requiring assistance with essential daily tasks like bathing, dressing, toileting, ... Read moreOrthotics
Orthotics are specialized shoe inserts designed to correct irregular walking patterns. They enhance comfort and efficiency in standing, walking, and running by adjusting the angles at which the foot contacts the ground. Unlike mass-produced items such as cushioned heel cups or insoles available at drugstores, custom orthotics are tailored to fit individual needs. Podiatrists and ... Read moreOsgood-Schlatter Disease (Knee Pain)
Osgood-Schlatter Disease is an overuse injury affecting the knees of active children and adolescents, particularly those engaged in sports that involve running or jumping. The primary symptoms include pain and swelling around the knee. Fortunately, most young individuals with this condition respond well to non-surgical treatment, and it rarely leads to lasting orthopedic issues. The ... Read moreOsteoarthritis of the Knee
Osteoarthritis is the most prevalent form of arthritis, affecting over 21 million people in the United States. It typically arises as individuals age or due to excessive use of the knee in sports or occupational activities. This condition leads to the gradual deterioration of the protective cartilage at the ends of the knee bones, resulting ... Read moreOsteoporosis
Osteoporosis is the most prevalent bone disorder, characterized by gradual bone deterioration that elevates the likelihood of fractures. While it is more frequently observed in women, especially as they age, osteoporosis can affect anyone. The disease can lead to debilitating fractures and reduced quality of life. However, its progression can be mitigated through various strategies, ... Read moreIntroduction | Anatomy | Causes | Symptoms | Diagnosis | Treatment | Prevention | Am I at Risk? | Complications | AdvancementsPain Management – An Overview
Orthopedic pain management encompasses various treatments designed to alleviate discomfort associated with musculoskeletal conditions. This type of pain can arise from multiple sources, including injuries and age-related changes. For instance, back pain often stems from nerve irritation, compression, or herniated discs, while arthritis-related pain may result from degenerative conditions such as osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis. ... Read morePain Management – Arthrocentesis
Arthrocentesis, commonly referred to as joint aspiration, is a medical procedure aimed at alleviating joint pain and swelling. This treatment is suitable for larger joints, such as the knee, hip, sacroiliac joint, shoulder, elbow, and wrist. It is particularly effective for managing joint swelling due to conditions like infection, gout, and rheumatoid arthritis. Additionally, arthrocentesis ... Read morePain Management – Facet Injections
Facet injections are non-surgical treatments aimed at alleviating pain and inflammation in the facet joints of the spine. These joints, located at the top and bottom of each vertebra, connect the vertebrae, enabling movement of the spine. By targeting pain originating from these joints, facet injections can help relieve discomfort in the neck, lower back, ... Read morePain Management – Prolotherapy
Prolotherapy is an alternative therapy designed to strengthen or heal injured ligaments and tendons. Ligaments are robust tissues that connect bones, while tendons attach muscles to bones. Due to their limited blood supply, ligaments can be particularly vulnerable to injury, resulting in pain. Tendons and ligaments that are weakened or injured may not fully regain ... Read morePain Management – Trigger Point Injections
Trigger point injections are a therapeutic option designed to alleviate intense pain in specific muscle areas. These painful spots, known as trigger points, are characterized by tight bands or small clusters within muscles that are highly sensitive to touch and pressure. They can irritate nearby nerves, leading to referred pain—discomfort that radiates to adjacent areas. ... Read morePain Management – Viscosupplementation Therapy
Viscosupplementation therapy is a treatment option for individuals with knee osteoarthritis, a prevalent form of arthritis characterized by the degeneration of bone and a decrease in synovial fluid. This fluid is crucial as it acts as both a lubricant and shock absorber in the knee joint. The reduction of synovial fluid due to arthritis can ... Read morePartial Knee Replacement
The knee is a crucial joint that bears the weight of your body, facilitating movement and walking. Comprised of bones, ligaments, and cartilage, it features two types of cartilage: one that covers the bones and another that cushions them. Knee injuries are the most prevalent type of joint injury, often involving not only bones but ... Read moreIntroduction | Anatomy | Causes | Symptoms | Diagnosis | Treatment | Surgery | Recovery | ComplicationsPatellar Tendon Tear
The patellar tendon connects the kneecap to the shinbone. Injuries to this tendon can occur during high-impact sports like running or jumping, as well as due to conditions such as tendonitis, chronic diseases, or steroid use. While minor partial tears may heal with non-surgical approaches, most cases of patellar tendon tears necessitate surgical intervention followed ... Read morePatellofemoral Syndrome – Kneecap Problems
Patellofemoral Syndrome, commonly referred to as runner's knee or chondromalacia patellae, is characterized by knee pain resulting from misaligned knee structures, injury, or overuse. This condition arises when the cartilage beneath the kneecap becomes overstressed or begins to deteriorate, leading to pain and functional impairment. Treatment options typically include rest, knee bracing, medications, and physical ... Read morePediatrics – Bite Injuries, Human Bites
Human bite injuries often arise from fistfights or intentional biting to cause harm. These injuries can occur during altercations when one person's fist strikes another's teeth, or when toddlers bite out of frustration. Human bites can lead to serious hand injuries, including lacerations and damage to bones, joints, ligaments, tendons, nerves, blood vessels, and muscles. ... Read moreIntroduction | Anatomy | Causes | Symptoms | Diagnosis | Treatment | Surgery | Recovery | PreventionPediatrics – Congenital Hand Differences
Congenital hand differences refer to the variations in hand structure that are present at birth. These anomalies develop during the early stages of embryonic growth, influenced by genetic, environmental, and sometimes unknown factors. Various hand conditions can manifest as congenital differences. It is essential for all infants born with a hand difference to be evaluated ... Read moreIntroduction | Anatomy | Causes | Symptoms | Diagnosis | Treatment | Surgery | Recovery | PreventionPediatrics – Fractures
Bones are the toughest tissues in the human body. While they are strong, excessive pressure or force can lead to fractures, which are breaks in the bone. Fractures can occur due to various factors, including injuries, chronic stress from overuse, and conditions that weaken bones, such as osteoporosis or tumors. Fractures can vary widely in ... Read moreIntroduction | Anatomy | Causes | Symptoms | Diagnosis | Treatment | Surgery | Recovery | PreventionPediatrics – Little League Syndrome, Pitcher’s Elbow
Little League elbow, commonly known as Pitcher’s elbow, arises from repetitive throwing motions commonly seen in sports. While it predominantly occurs in baseball, it can also affect athletes in other throwing sports. This condition leads to pain and can restrict movement in the elbow. Fortunately, many cases of Pitcher’s elbow respond well to rest and ... Read moreIntroduction | Anatomy | Causes | Symptoms | Diagnosis | Treatment | Surgery | Recovery | PreventionPediatrics – Scoliosis, Curvature of the Spine
Scoliosis refers to an abnormal curvature of the spine, characterized by side-to-side deviations that may also involve rotational changes. A healthy spine typically displays natural curves from front to back. Scoliosis can be present at birth or develop due to neuromuscular disorders, osteoporosis, or for unknown reasons, termed idiopathic scoliosis. The condition can progress over ... Read moreIntroduction | Anatomy | Causes | Symptoms | Diagnosis | Treatment | Surgery | Recovery | PreventionPediatrics- Bite Injuries, Animal Bites
Animal bite injuries can lead to skin wounds and significant structural damage to the hand. The risk of infection, and less commonly rabies, is a primary concern. Pets are the most frequent sources of bite injuries, although wild animals can also be involved. Prompt and thorough cleaning of animal bite wounds is crucial. In some ... Read moreIntroduction | Anatomy | Causes | Symptoms | Diagnosis | Treatment | Surgery | Recovery | PreventionPercutaneous Disc Nucleoplasty
Intervertebral discs serve as cushion-like structures positioned between the vertebrae in the spine. Under specific conditions, these discs can bulge, leading to back pain. Percutaneous disc nucleoplasty is a minimally invasive procedure designed to alleviate this pain by reducing the internal pressure of a disc. Since it doesn't involve any incisions, recovery tends to be ... Read morePeripheral Neuropathy
Peripheral neuropathy is a symptom rather than a standalone disease. It occurs when nerves are damaged, leading to pain and functional impairments, such as reduced motor skills and altered sensory perception. This condition often starts with the longest nerves, primarily affecting the toes and feet. Addressing the underlying causes—like managing diabetes—can alleviate symptoms. Treatment may ... Read morePhantom Limb Pain
Phantom limb pain is a legitimate condition experienced by some individuals following the amputation of a limb. Those affected often report sensations of pain as though the amputated limb is still present. Although the precise mechanisms behind phantom limb pain remain unclear, it is believed to be linked to the brain's processing of nerve signals. ... Read moreIntroduction | Anatomy | Causes | Symptoms | Diagnosis | Treatment | Prevention | Am I at Risk? | AdvancementsPhysical Therapy: An Overview
Injuries, illnesses, chemotherapy, extended bed rest, inactivity, or various diseases can significantly impact your control over bodily movements. Such changes in health can lead to issues like decreased endurance, limited muscle function, paralysis, and diminished balance, sensation, strength, or coordination. These physical challenges may hinder your ability to perform essential activities, such as rolling over ... Read morePitcher’s Elbow – Little League Elbow
Pitcher’s elbow, commonly referred to as Little League elbow, arises from the repetitive throwing motions common in sports, particularly baseball. While primarily affecting pitchers, it can also impact players in other positions and even athletes in sports like tennis and football. This condition causes pain and limits mobility in the elbow. Fortunately, many cases respond ... Read moreIntroduction | Anatomy | Causes | Symptoms | Diagnosis | Treatment | Surgery | Recovery | PreventionPlantar Fasciitis
Plantar fasciitis is a common foot ailment characterized by pain due to irritation and inflammation of the plantar fascia, a connective tissue located on the foot's underside. This condition frequently affects individuals who spend considerable time on their feet. A key indicator of plantar fasciitis is heel pain experienced in the morning upon waking. Fortunately, ... Read moreIntroduction | Anatomy | Causes | Symptoms | Diagnosis | Treatment | Surgery | Recovery | PreventionPlatelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) Therapy
Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) Therapy represents an innovative approach in orthopedic medicine, transforming the management of musculoskeletal conditions. This advanced treatment harnesses components from the patient's own blood to create a tailored “cocktail” that enhances the body's natural healing mechanisms. By utilizing the body’s own healing properties, PRP therapy effectively alleviates pain and promotes long-lasting recovery. ... Read morePosterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL) Tear
The posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) runs within the knee joint alongside the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), connecting the thighbone (femur) to the shinbone (tibia). While PCL tears are less frequent than ACL tears, they can occur due to twisting movements, falls, or direct impacts to the knee during contact sports. Treatment for PCL tears may ... Read morePosterior Tibial Tendon Dysfunction – Acquired Flatfoot
Posterior tibial tendon dysfunction, often referred to as acquired flatfoot, occurs when the tendon located at the back of the ankle becomes inflamed or torn. This condition is progressive and can lead to a fallen arch or flatfoot over time. In advanced cases, or those that don’t respond to non-surgical treatments, surgery may be necessary. ... Read moreIntroduction | Anatomy | Causes | Symptoms | Diagnosis | Treatment | Surgery | Recovery | PreventionPreparing for Surgery
Facing surgery can be daunting. To ensure you feel secure and confident, it's crucial to understand what to expect. This guide will walk you through the necessary preparations for your surgical procedure. Understand the Procedure Consult Your Doctor: It's essential to discuss what you can expect before, during, and after surgery. Ask about the admission ... Read moreProgressive Strengthening
Progressive strengthening exercises are essential in rehabilitation, designed to enhance muscle strength, tone, size, and overall functionality. This method, also known as “progressive resistance,” “exercise progression,” or the “overload principle,” is vital for individuals recovering from injury, illness, or neurological disorders like strokes or traumatic brain injuries, which can lead to muscle weakness. Extended periods ... Read moreProgressive Strengthening Exercises
Progressive strengthening exercises are essential in rehabilitation, designed to enhance muscle strength, tone, size, and overall function. Commonly known as "progressive resistance," "exercise progression," or the "overload principle," these exercises play a crucial role in recovery from injury, disease, or neurological conditions such as stroke or traumatic brain injury, which can lead to muscle weakness. ... Read moreProlotherapy – Pain Management
Prolotherapy is a complementary therapy designed to strengthen weakened or injured ligaments and tendons. Ligaments, which are tough connective tissues that link bones together, have a limited blood supply but are rich in nerves that can trigger pain when damaged. Tendons, on the other hand, are robust tissues that attach muscles to bones. Both tendons ... Read moreRadial Tunnel Syndrome (Forearm)
Radial tunnel syndrome arises from compression of the radial nerve in the arm. This nerve passes through the radial tunnel, situated on the dorsum (top) of the forearm. Factors like repetitive motions, forceful arm movements, or injuries can irritate or compress the nerve within this tunnel. Symptoms include hand weakness and pain in the forearm ... Read moreIntroduction | Anatomy | Causes | Symptoms | Diagnosis | Treatment | Surgery | Recovery | PreventionRehabilitation – Balance Retraining and Vestibular Rehabilitation
Balance retraining and vestibular rehabilitation are effective treatments for individuals experiencing balance disorders and movement-related dizziness. Achieving balance is a multifaceted process that relies on the harmonious interaction of various body systems. This involves not only generating physical movements but also accurately interpreting your body's position in space. Your visual system helps to assess your ... Read moreRehabilitation – Gait Training
Gait refers to the way you walk or ambulate, which is essential for maintaining independence and preventing falls and injuries. Key components of a healthy gait include strength, endurance, range of motion, balance, and coordination. These elements can be negatively affected by various factors such as injuries, neurological disorders (like stroke or traumatic brain injury), ... Read moreRehabilitation – Hand Therapy
Hand therapy is a focused branch of rehabilitation that helps individuals recover function in their hands and arms. Your doctor may recommend seeing an occupational therapist with advanced expertise or a Certified Hand Therapist (CHT) for treatment. A CHT is a qualified occupational or physical therapist who has completed specialized education, supervised training, and certification ... Read moreRehabilitation – Myofascial Release
Myofascial release is a therapeutic approach designed to relieve pain and ease muscle and tissue tension. "Myo" refers to muscle, and "fascial" pertains to the resilient tissue covering them. When muscles endure injury or strain, both muscle fibers and fascia can become tight, leading to discomfort. This technique, often used by physical and occupational therapists, ... Read moreRehabilitation – Neuromuscular Re-education
Neuromuscular re-education is a rehabilitation approach focused on restoring natural movement patterns through coordinated nerve and muscle function. Nerves transmit crucial signals between muscles and the brain, managing timing, direction, and speed for each movement. Over time, nerve pathways become strengthened, and common motor patterns, like climbing stairs, are stored in memory, allowing automatic adjustment ... Read moreRehabilitation – Progressive Strengthening
Progressive strengthening exercises are essential in rehabilitation programs, aimed at enhancing muscle strength, tone, size, and overall function. Known as "progressive resistance" or "exercise progression," these exercises rely on the "overload principle" to help muscles regain strength. Injuries, illnesses, and conditions like stroke or traumatic brain injuries can cause muscle weakness, while inactivity can lead ... Read moreRehabilitation – Shoulder Rehabilitation
Shoulder rehabilitation is essential for reducing pain and regaining function in an injured shoulder. As one of the most versatile joints in the body, the shoulder moves in various directions and at wide ranges. However, this extensive mobility also makes it highly susceptible to stress and injury. Shoulder injuries are particularly common among individuals who ... Read moreRehabilitation – Transfer Training
In rehabilitation, "transfer training" focuses on techniques for safely moving from one surface to another, essential for everyday activities like getting on and off a chair, stepping into the shower, or moving in and out of a vehicle. These techniques are especially critical for people with mobility challenges, promoting both safety and independence in daily ... Read moreReverse Shoulder Replacement
Reverse shoulder replacement is a modern surgical approach introduced in 2004 to treat certain shoulder issues. This procedure involves replacing a damaged shoulder joint with an artificial joint to restore stability, reduce pain, and improve movement. Designed for individuals with specific, complex shoulder conditions, reverse shoulder replacement places the artificial joint components in a reversed ... Read moreRheumatoid Arthritis of the Hand
Rheumatoid arthritis often affects the hand, causing chronic inflammation that leads to pain, swelling, and stiffness. This autoimmune condition can result in hand deformities and a reduction in functionality. Although there’s no cure, treatments like medication, hand therapy, splinting, and surgery can help manage symptoms and improve hand function. Each finger is composed of three ... Read moreIntroduction | Anatomy | Causes | Symptoms | Diagnosis | Treatment | Surgery | Recovery | PreventionRotator Cuff Tear & Repair
Rotator cuff tears are a frequent cause of shoulder discomfort, affecting the muscles and tendons that stabilize the shoulder. The rotator cuff comprises four shoulder muscles and their associated tendons, which connect these muscles to the arm bone and create a supportive cuff. The likelihood of a rotator cuff tear increases with age as the ... Read moreIntroduction | Anatomy | Causes | Symptoms | Diagnosis | Treatment | Surgery | Recovery | PreventionScaphoid Fracture – Broken Wrist
A scaphoid fracture often occurs when someone falls onto an outstretched hand. This small bone, located on the thumb side of the wrist, is the most frequently fractured bone in that area. Symptoms can be minimal, which often leads to misdiagnosis as a simple wrist sprain. Treatment for scaphoid fractures usually involves either casting or ... Read moreSciatica
The sciatic nerve is the longest and thickest nerve in the human body, stretching from the lower back down to the feet. When this nerve becomes compressed or inflamed, it can lead to a painful condition known as sciatica. Common symptoms include sharp pain, tingling sensations, weakness, and numbness that can radiate from the lower ... Read moreIntroduction | Anatomy | Causes | Symptoms | Diagnosis | Treatment | Surgery | Recovery | PreventionSesamoid Fracture & Sesamoiditis (Big Toe)
The sesamoids are two small bones located at the base of the big toe. They play a vital role in weight-bearing and act as pulleys that facilitate the movement of the big toe during walking. Repeated pressure, force, or tension can lead to sesamoiditis, which is an inflammatory condition. If the force is excessive, it ... Read moreShin Splints
Shin splints refer to discomfort experienced in the front or inner lower part of the leg. This pain often results from overuse of muscles, incorrect exercise techniques, or unsuitable athletic footwear. Most instances of shin splints improve with rest; however, in rare cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to address complications arising from the condition. ... Read moreIntroduction | Anatomy | Causes | Symptoms | Diagnosis | Treatment | Surgery | Recovery | PreventionShoulder Arthroscopy
The shoulder joint is uniquely capable of a wide range of movements, more than any other joint in the body. This versatility, however, makes it susceptible to various injuries and stress-related conditions, particularly in athletes involved in sports requiring overhead motions. The shoulder is stabilized by robust tissues that connect its bones. Unfortunately, these soft ... Read moreIntroduction | Anatomy | Causes | Symptoms | Diagnosis | Treatment | Surgery | Recovery | PreventionShoulder Impingement Syndrome – Shoulder Tendonitis
Shoulder impingement syndrome is a painful condition affecting the shoulder, characterized by irritation, inflammation, or degeneration of the shoulder tendons. This often results from repetitive overhead activities or structural abnormalities within the shoulder. Treatment typically involves modifying activities, using medications, and engaging in therapy. If these non-surgical approaches do not alleviate symptoms, surgical intervention may ... Read moreShoulder Rehabilitation
Shoulder rehabilitation is essential for alleviating pain and restoring function to an injured shoulder. This joint offers a remarkable range of motion, enabling various movements that exceed those of any other joint in the body. However, this flexibility also makes the shoulder susceptible to stress and injury. Shoulder injuries are prevalent, particularly among athletes and ... Read moreSkier’s Thumb
Skier’s Thumb is an injury characterized by damage to the ulnar collateral ligament at the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint of the thumb. This injury typically occurs when the thumb is forcefully bent backward (hyperextended). Activities such as skiing can lead to this type of injury, especially during falls. Treatment options include immobilization or surgical intervention. Early ... Read moreIntroduction | Anatomy | Causes | Symptoms | Diagnosis | Treatment | Surgery | Recovery | PreventionSpinal (Lumbar) Fusion/Lumbar Spinal Stenosis – Pinched Nerves in the Back
Low back pain is a prevalent issue affecting many individuals, particularly in the lumbar spine region. The lumbar spine plays a critical role in supporting the weight of the upper body and enables movement such as bending and straightening at the waist. The spinal column consists of a series of vertebrae, each containing an opening ... Read moreIntroduction | Anatomy | Causes | Symptoms | Diagnosis | Treatment | Surgery | Recovery | PreventionSpinal Cord Stimulation (SCS) for Pain Relief
Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is a treatment designed to alleviate chronic back pain, particularly in individuals who have not found relief through other methods. This therapy involves the surgical placement of a small device under the skin, which emits signals to the brain that interfere with pain signals. While spinal cord stimulation does not address ... Read moreSpinal Stenosis
Lower back pain is a prevalent issue affecting many individuals. The lumbar spine, situated in the lower back, consists of a series of aligned bones. Conditions such as aging, arthritis, and degeneration can alter the shape of these bones, leading to a narrowing of the spinal canal and nerve pathways, known as spinal stenosis. Spinal ... Read moreSpondylolisthesis – Slipped Vertebrae
The spine is made up of small bones called vertebrae, which are aligned to form a supportive structure for the body while enabling movement. Spondylolisthesis occurs when age-related changes or injuries cause a vertebra in the lower back to slip forward out of its normal position. While many individuals may not experience symptoms, spondylolisthesis can ... Read moreSpondylolysis – Stress Fracture of Spine- Pain Management
Spondylolysis is a type of stress fracture located in the lower spine, commonly affecting adolescents engaged in high-impact sports and adults with physically demanding occupations. While this condition may or may not present symptoms—such as low back pain—most individuals find effective relief through conservative treatment options, including rest, pain management, and physical therapy. The spine ... Read moreSpondylolysis – Stress Fracture of the Spine
Spondylolysis refers to a stress fracture in the vertebrae of the lower back, specifically in the lumbar region of the spine. This condition often arises from repetitive stress or excessive force, particularly in athletes engaged in high-impact sports. While some individuals may not experience any symptoms, spondylolysis can lead to pain that radiates across the ... Read moreSprains & Strains
Sprains and strains are prevalent injuries that can affect anyone, especially those engaged in sports, repetitive tasks, or those at a higher risk of falls. A sprain occurs when ligaments, which connect bones, are stretched or torn, while a strain involves injury to muscles or tendons, the tissues that link muscles to bones. Mild cases ... Read moreStellate Ganglion Block
A stellate ganglion block is a specialized injection aimed at diagnosing or treating specific nerve conditions. The stellate ganglion comprises a cluster of nerves situated at the front of the neck, which plays a crucial role in transmitting pain signals from the head, neck, face, and arms to the brain. This block can offer varying ... Read moreStress Fracture – Leg and Foot
Stress fractures are small, hairline cracks in the bone often occurring in the legs or feet. They typically affect individuals such as dancers, athletes, or military personnel who may push their bodies beyond their limits without proper conditioning. Most stress fractures heal with adequate rest and physical therapy; however, surgery may be necessary in some ... Read moreIntroduction | Anatomy | Causes | Symptoms | Diagnosis | Treatment | Surgery | Recovery | PreventionSwan Neck Deformity – Finger Deformity
A swan neck deformity arises when the structures supporting the middle joint of your finger become injured, overstretched, or weakened. This leads to hyperextension of the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint, resulting in a disruption of the tendon system that causes the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint to flex inward. Consequently, the finger may appear crooked. This ... Read moreIntroduction | Anatomy | Causes | Symptoms | Diagnosis | Treatment | Surgery | Recovery | PreventionTendon Transfers
Tendon transfers are surgical procedures aimed at restoring hand function when it has been compromised due to injury or medical conditions. Factors such as nerve injuries, tendon loss, or muscle damage can lead to a decline in hand function. This surgery relocates a healthy tendon to regain movement in the affected joint, followed by a ... Read moreIntroduction | Anatomy | Causes | Symptoms | Diagnosis | Treatment | Surgery | Recovery | PreventionTendonitis
Tendonitis is an inflammatory condition affecting the tendons, which are robust fibers connecting muscles to bones. This condition typically arises from repetitive use of a joint. Common symptoms include pain and tenderness in the affected area. Most cases can be managed effectively with rest and anti-inflammatory medications, but chronic tendonitis may necessitate surgical intervention if ... Read moreIntroduction | Anatomy | Causes | Symptoms | Diagnosis | Treatment | Surgery | Recovery | PreventionTennis Elbow – Lateral Epicondylitis
Tennis Elbow, or Lateral Epicondylitis, is a condition characterized by the deterioration of the tendon fibers that connect to the outer part of the elbow. Tendons, which are robust structures that link muscles to bones, do not stretch easily and are prone to degeneration from repetitive strain or trauma. While playing racquet sports is often ... Read moreThoracic Facet Radiofrequency Neurotomy – Upper Back
Thoracic facet radiofrequency neurotomy, also known as facet rhizotomy, is a procedure designed to alleviate nerve pain in the upper back, particularly when other treatments have not succeeded. This technique effectively disables the specific nerve responsible for transmitting pain signals, providing relief that typically lasts for about a year, although some patients may enjoy longer-lasting ... Read moreThumb CMC (Basal Joint) Arthroplasty – Thumb Joint Reconstruction
The base of the thumb features the most mobile joint in the hand, enabling a wide range of movements such as lifting, rotating, and aligning with the fingers. We engage our thumbs hundreds of times daily, using them for tasks that require gripping, like using a hammer or holding a glass. They also stabilize our ... Read moreTibia Fracture – Broken Shinbone
The tibia, commonly known as the shinbone, is situated in the lower leg and is one of the most frequently fractured bones. A tibia fracture, which refers to a broken bone, can result from various incidents such as car accidents, falls, and sports-related injuries. Treatment for these fractures may involve casting or surgical intervention, depending ... Read moreToe Fracture
Toe fractures can be quite painful, but they typically don’t lead to severe impairment. These injuries often result from trauma, and the majority can heal effectively without the need for surgical intervention. The toes are part of your forefoot structure. The big toe, known as the hallux, consists of two bones (phalanges), while each of ... Read moreIntroduction | Anatomy | Causes | Symptoms | Diagnosis | Treatment | Surgery | Recovery | PreventionTotal Hip Replacement
The hip joint is one of the most frequently replaced joints in the body. As a ball-and-socket joint, it enables leg movement and the bending and straightening of the body. The primary reason for undergoing hip replacement surgery is osteoarthritis, although other conditions, including trauma, can also necessitate the procedure. Osteoarthritis is a degenerative disease ... Read moreIntroduction | Anatomy | Causes | Symptoms | Diagnosis | Treatment | Surgery | Recovery | PreventionTotal Knee Replacement
The knee is the largest joint in the human body and one of the most vulnerable to injuries. Knee issues can arise from various factors, including injuries, aging, degeneration, and diseases like arthritis. Arthritis leads to symptoms such as joint pain, stiffness, and swelling, which can severely impact the knee's cartilage. Cartilage is a resilient, ... Read moreTotal Shoulder Replacement
The shoulder is the most mobile joint in the body, allowing a wide range of movements. However, this versatility makes it susceptible to injuries, stress, and arthritis, which is a leading cause of shoulder pain. Arthritis is a prevalent condition that leads to joint pain, stiffness, and swelling. It primarily affects the cartilage, the resilient ... Read moreTriangular Fibrocartilage Complex (TFCC) Injury – Wrist Sprain
The Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex (TFCC) comprises cartilage and ligaments situated on the ulnar side of the wrist, near the little finger. This critical structure plays a vital role in stabilizing wrist bones, absorbing shocks, and facilitating smooth movements. Injuries to the TFCC can occur due to falls, sports activities, or workplace incidents, leading to pain ... Read moreIntroduction | Anatomy | Causes | Symptoms | Diagnosis | Treatment | Surgery | Recovery | PreventionTrigger Finger and Trigger Thumb
Trigger Finger and Trigger Thumb, known medically as Stenosing Tenosynovitis, are prevalent conditions affecting the hand. These issues arise when the tendons in the fingers and thumb fail to glide smoothly, leading to symptoms that can cause discomfort. Tendons are robust tissues connecting muscles to bones, and in this condition, they may catch or become ... Read moreTrigger Points & Trigger Point Injections
A trigger point refers to a sensitive area within a muscle that can be highly painful when touched or pressed. These points often result from various factors, including injuries, overexertion, muscle tension, and spasms. Trigger points are commonly found in the neck, back, and shoulders. To alleviate pain and relax the muscle, trigger point injections ... Read moreUltrasound Therapy – Pain Management/Rehabilitation
Ultrasound therapy is a valuable treatment option aimed at alleviating muscle pain and enhancing movement function. This therapeutic technique employs sound waves to generate deep heat within the targeted tissues. Benefits of ultrasound therapy include the reduction of stiffness, swelling, and pain, alongside improved blood circulation and the facilitation of pain-free movement. Most patients experience ... Read moreViscosupplementation Therapy – Pain Management
Viscosupplementation therapy is a treatment option designed for individuals suffering from knee osteoarthritis. This prevalent form of arthritis leads to the deterioration of bone and a reduction in synovial fluid, which is essential for cushioning and lubricating the knee joint. A decrease in synovial fluid can result in knee pain, stiffness, and difficulties in walking ... Read moreWhiplash
Whiplash is a neck injury that occurs when the head experiences a rapid motion from a sudden impact, such as in a car accident. This condition can lead to symptoms including neck pain, upper back discomfort, shoulder pain, muscle tightness, and sensations of burning or tingling in the neck or upper back. Fortunately, most whiplash ... Read moreWhiplash – Chiropractic Treatment
Neck and upper back pain can manifest immediately or may develop gradually after a car accident. If you are experiencing neck pain, upper back discomfort, shoulder pain, muscle tightness, or sensations of burning or tingling in your neck or upper back, you might be suffering from whiplash. Fortunately, the majority of whiplash cases can be ... Read moreWrist Fracture – Open Reduction and Internal or External Fixation
Wrist fractures are among the most frequently encountered orthopedic injuries, primarily resulting from falls. Instinctively, when we fall, we extend our arms to break the fall, leading to significant pressure on our wrists. The treatment for a wrist fracture varies based on its type and location. The wrist comprises multiple joints, including the Midcarpal Joint ... Read moreIntroduction | Anatomy | Causes | Symptoms | Diagnosis | Treatment | Surgery | Recovery | PreventionX-Rays
X-rays utilize radiation to produce images of internal structures within the body. This non-invasive procedure allows for visualization of bones and tissues without the need for surgical intervention. X-rays are commonly used to diagnose conditions such as fractures and certain tumors, and they can also assist in screening for diseases like lung cancer. The insights ... Read more